The Golden Retriever is a medium-sized retrieving breed from Scotland known for their gentle nature and silky golden coat. The Golden’s affectionate and playful temperament makes them great family pets for individuals and households. They are also highly intelligent and empathic and often excel in roles as service dogs or therapy dogs. It’s no surprise that the Golden Retriever is among the top ten most popular dogs in the United States!
Due to their high-energy levels and grooming needs, the Golden Retriever may be high-maintenance for some. Their luxurious coat requires regular attention to avoid matting, especially during shedding season, and their active minds need plenty of mental stimulation. They also require a lot of exercise and shouldn’t be left alone for long periods as they can be prone to separation anxiety. However, if you can provide these essentials, a Golden Retriever will repay you twofold with their love and loyalty.
Golden Retriever characteristics
- Height: 21 to 24 inches tall at the shoulder
- Weight: 55-75 pounds (25-34 kg) for females and 65-75 pounds (29-34 kg) for males.
- Lifespan: 10-12 years
Coat and color variations
Golden Retrievers are known for their silky, coats, which include a water-resistant undercoat and a wavy or straight outer coat. While undeniably beautiful, their coat serves a practical purpose, protecting from the elements and insulating against the rainy climate of their Scottish homeland. However, prospective owners should note that these dogs are heavy shedders year-round, with seasonal periods of more intense shedding. Regular grooming not only helps manage the shedding but also ensures the coat remains healthy and well-maintained.
Although the iconic golden-yellow hue is most commonly associated with the breed, Golden Retrievers come in a range of shades from pale cream to deep red. The American Kennel Club (AKC) breed standard excludes overly pale or excessively dark shades. Regional variations also exist, with European Golden Retrievers often exhibiting lighter, cream-colored coats, as seen in the English Cream Golden Retriever, and Canadian Golden Retrievers tending toward richer, reddish tones. Despite this spectrum of color, the breed’s hallmark golden coat remains a defining and cherished trait.
Physical traits and appearance
Coat texture and color
- Coat: Dense, double-layered; water-resistant undercoat with a wavy or straight outer coat.
- Color: Shades from pale cream to rich gold; some variations include reddish hues.
Facial features
- Head: Broad skull, friendly and intelligent expression.
- Ears: Medium-sized, pendant-shaped, set slightly above eye level.
- Eyes: Medium to dark brown with a kind and gentle expression.
Size and build
- Body: Muscular, well-balanced build, emphasizing agility and endurance.
- Size: Medium to large breed; males typically 23-24 inches tall, females 21.5-22.5 inches tall; weight ranges from 55-75 pounds.
How much do Golden Retrievers shed?
Golden Retrievers are heavy shedders, and their double coats mean they shed consistently throughout the year, with even more intense shedding during seasonal transitions in spring and fall. This is when they “blow their coat,” shedding the undercoat to adapt to changing temperatures. Regular grooming, including brushing 2-3 times a week, can help manage shedding by removing loose fur and preventing it from accumulating on furniture or clothing.
Golden Retriever history
For many years, a legend was that Golden Retrievers were descended from Russian sheepdogs bought from a circus. In fact, the breed was developed in Scotland at the highland estate of Sir Dudley Majoribanks, later known as Lord Tweedmouth. Tweedmouth, like many gentry of his day, bred animals of all kinds, trying to perfect different breeds.
Tweedmouth’s breeding records from 1835 to 1890 show what he was aiming for with the Golden: A talented retriever — Tweedmouth was an ardent waterfowl hunter — with a superb nose, who would be more attentive to his human hunting companion than the setters and spaniels used at the time for retrieving. He also wanted the dog to be loyal and even-tempered in the home. Tweedmouth took Nous home to Scotland and, in 1868 and 1871, bred him to Belle, a Tweed Water Spaniel.
Tweed Water Spaniels (now extinct) were known for being eager retrievers in the hunting field and exceptionally calm and loyal in the home — characteristics you’ll find in today’s Golden Retrievers. Nous and Belle’s descendants were bred with Wavy- and Flat-coated retrievers, another Tweed Water Spaniel, and a red setter.
Tweedmouth kept mostly the yellow puppies to continue his breeding program, and gave others away to friends and relatives. Not surprisingly, Tweedmouth’s breed first attracted attention for their skills in the hunting field. One of the most well-known was Don of Gerwyn, a liver-coated descendent of one of Tweedmouth’s dogs, who won the International Gundog League trial in 1904. The Kennel Club in England officially recognized the Golden Retriever as a distinct breed in 1911. They were then classified as “Retriever — Yellow or Golden.” In 1920, the breed name was officially changed to Golden Retriever. The American Kennel Club recognized the breed in 1932. Today, the Golden Retriever is the third most popular breed in the U.S. after the French Bulldog an the Labrador Retriever.
Golden Retriever temperament
The Golden Retriever’s temperament is happy, friendly, loyal, and energetic, like bottled sunshine. These outgoing dogs are highly sociable and thrive on human interaction. They form strong bonds with their owners and make great companions for families and individuals alike. Their patience and kindness make them excellent companions for children, and their adaptability allows them to fit seamlessly into various living situations, from suburban homes to active outdoor lifestyles. Golden Retrievers are also intelligent and eager to please, which makes them highly trainable for tasks ranging from basic obedience to complex service roles. While they are generally even-tempered, they require consistent training and socialization to ensure they grow into well-rounded, confident adults.
Behavior and personality traits
- Sociable: Enjoys being around people and other animals.
- Gentle: Naturally patient and great with children.
- Intelligent: Quick learners, excelling in training and problem-solving.
- Loyal: Forms strong emotional bonds with family members.
- Playful: Maintains a youthful, energetic spirit throughout their lives.
- Adaptable: Fits well into various living environments and lifestyles.
- Non-aggressive: Friendly demeanor, rarely displays territorial or aggressive behavior.
- Affectionate: Thrives on physical affection and companionship.
Training and socialization
Golden Retrievers are naturally good-natured and eager to please, but they still require early socialization and consistent training to grow into well-rounded adults. Despite their reputation for being easy to train, some owners may underestimate the importance of reinforcing basic commands. Without proper guidance, their exuberant energy can lead to unwanted behaviors such as excessive chewing, jumping, pulling on the leash, or playing too roughly with their mouths—a trait linked to their bird-dog ancestry. Dedicate time and effort to training your Golden Retriever to ensure they become a well-behaved and happy companion!
When do Golden Retrievers start to calm down?
Golden Retrievers generally start to calm down as they mature, typically between 2 to 3 years of age, though the exact timing can vary depending on the individual dog and its personality. Here’s a breakdown of the factors influencing when they calm down:
Puppy and adolescent stages
- 0-6 months: Puppies are full of energy and curiosity, exploring their environment and learning new things.
- 6 months to 2 years: This adolescent phase can be particularly energetic and sometimes challenging, as they test boundaries and may exhibit hyperactive behaviors.
Maturity (2-3 Years)
- Around the age of 2, many Golden Retrievers begin to mellow out. They become more focused and less hyperactive as they transition into adulthood.
- Training, regular exercise, and mental stimulation are key to managing their energy during this time.
Golden Retriever care
When caring for a Golden Retriever, it’s important to focus on their physical, mental, and emotional well-being. With a sporting heritage, regular exercise is essential to keep these active and energetic dogs healthy and happy. Daily walks, playtime, and opportunities to run in a safe, enclosed area help channel their energy and prevent boredom, which can lead to destructive behavior. Because they are intelligent and eager to learn, incorporating training sessions, puzzle toys, or canine sports like agility and obedience into their routine can keep their minds sharp. A nutritious diet tailored to their age, size, and activity level is also crucial to maintaining their overall health. Consult your veterinarian for specific feeding guidelines and to monitor for breed-specific health concerns, such as hip dysplasia or heart issues.
Grooming is another essential aspect of Golden Retriever care. Their dense double coat requires regular brushing, ideally 2-3 times a week, to remove loose fur and prevent matting. During seasonal shedding periods, daily brushing can help manage their heavy shedding. Bathing should be done as needed, usually every 6-8 weeks, or when they become particularly dirty. Routine care also includes regular nail trims, ear cleaning to prevent infections, and dental hygiene to avoid plaque buildup. Finally, Golden Retrievers thrive on companionship and love being part of family activities, so spending quality time with them is just as important as their physical upkeep.
How to groom a Golden Retriever
Brushing and bathing
- Use a slicker brush or undercoat rake to remove loose fur and prevent matting.
- Brush 2-3 times a week; daily during shedding seasons. Work in sections, starting at the head and moving down the body.
- Bathe every 6-8 weeks (or when needed) using a dog-safe shampoo.
Check and clean ears
- Inspect the ears weekly for dirt, wax, or redness.
- Use a vet-approved ear cleaner and cotton ball to gently clean.
Trim nails and fur
- Clip nails every 3-4 weeks or when you hear them clicking on the floor. Use a nail grinder or clipper, being careful not to cut the quick.
- Use scissors or thinning shears to trim around the paws, ears, and tail for a neat appearance. Avoid cutting too close to the skin or over-trimming.
Inspect overall condition
- Look for skin irritations, lumps, or signs of fleas/ticks during grooming.
- Consult a vet if you notice anything unusual.
- Keep up with flea and tick prevention treatments, especially if your Golden spends much time outdoors. Regular grooming allows you to spot parasites early.
Early acclimation is key
Getting your Golden Retriever accustomed to grooming procedures from a young age makes the process easier and more enjoyable for both of you. Handle their paws frequently, examine their mouth and ears, and reward them for good behavior during grooming sessions. This positive foundation sets the stage for stress-free veterinary exams and handling throughout their lives.
Nutrition and feeding
Recommended daily amount: 2 to 3 cups of high-quality dry food a day, divided into two meals. How much your adult dog eats depends on his size, age, build, metabolism, and activity level. Dogs are individuals, just like people, and they don’t all need the same amount of food. A highly active dog will need more than a couch potato dog. The quality of dog food you buy also makes a difference — the better the dog food, the further it will go toward nourishing your dog, and the less of it you’ll need to shake into your dog’s bowl.
Keep your Golden in good shape by measuring his food and feeding him twice a day rather than leaving food out all the time. If you’re unsure whether he’s overweight, give him the eye test and the hands-on test. First, look down at him. You should be able to see a waist. Then place your hands on his back, thumbs along the spine, with the fingers spread downward. You should be able to feel but not see his ribs without having to press hard.
Portion guidelines
Puppies (8 weeks – 12 months)
- Meals per Day: 3-4 smaller meals to support steady growth.
- Portion Size: 1-3 cups daily, divided based on age, size, and activity level.
Adults (1-7 years)
- Meals per Day: 2 meals to maintain energy and weight.
- Portion Size: 2-4 cups daily, adjusted for size, activity, and metabolism.
Seniors (7+ years)
- Meals per Day: 2 smaller meals to avoid overeating.
- Portion Size: 1.5-3 cups daily, with fewer calories if activity decreases.
Always follow your veterinarian’s or the food manufacturer’s guidelines for precise portions.
Golden Retriever family compatibility
Golden Retrievers are one of the most family-friendly dog breeds, known for their gentle, affectionate, and adaptable nature. They thrive in households with children, forming strong bonds and showing incredible patience, even with young kids. Their playful energy makes them great companions for active families, while their loyal and calm demeanor ensures they fit well in quieter homes. Golden Retrievers are highly social and get along well with other pets, making them an excellent choice for multi-pet households. Their eagerness to please and friendly temperament makes them easy to train, further solidifying their reputation as ideal family dogs.
Are Golden Retrievers good with kids?
The amiable Golden Retriever isn’t bothered by the noise and commotion of kids — he thrives on it. He’s a large, strong dog, though, and he can easily knock over a small child by mistake. As with every breed, you should always teach children how to approach and touch dogs and always supervise any interactions between dogs and young children to prevent any biting or ear or tail pulling on the part of either party.
Teach your child never to approach any dog while it’s eating or sleeping or to try to take the dog’s food away. No dog, no matter how friendly, should ever be left unsupervised with a child. The Golden’s attitude toward other pets is the more, the merrier. He enjoys the companionship of other dogs and, with proper introductions and training, can be trusted with cats, rabbits, and other animals.
Golden Retriever health
Goldens are generally healthy, but like all breeds, they’re prone to certain health conditions. Not all Goldens will get any or all of these diseases, but it’s important to be aware of them if you’re considering this breed. If you’re buying a puppy, find a good breeder who will show you health clearances for both your puppy’s parents. Health clearances prove that a dog has been tested for and cleared of a particular condition. In Goldens, you should expect to see health clearances from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) for hip dysplasia (with a score of fair or better), elbow dysplasia, hypothyroidism, and von Willebrand’s disease; from Auburn University for thrombopathia; and from the Canine Eye Registry Foundation (CERF) certifying that eyes are normal. You can confirm health clearances by checking the OFA website (offa.org).
Potential health conditions
- Hip Dysplasia: Hip dysplasia is a heritable condition in which the thighbone doesn’t fit snugly into the hip joint. Some dogs show pain and lameness on one or both rear legs, but you may not notice any signs of discomfort in a dog with hip dysplasia. As the dog ages, arthritis can develop. X-ray screening for hip dysplasia is done by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals or the University of Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program. Dogs with hip dysplasia should not be bred. If you’re buying a puppy, ask the breeder for proof that the parents have been tested for hip dysplasia and are free of problems.
- Elbow Dysplasia: This is a heritable condition common to large-breed dogs. It’s thought to be caused by different growth rates of the three bones that make up the dog’s elbow, causing joint laxity. This can lead to painful lameness. Your vet may recommend surgery to correct the problem or medication to control the pain.
- Cataracts: As in humans, canine cataracts are characterized by cloudy spots on the eye lens that can grow over time. They may develop at any age and often don’t impair vision, although some cases cause severe vision loss. Breeding dogs should be examined by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist to be certified as free of hereditary eye disease before they’re bred. Cataracts can usually be surgically removed with good results.
- Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA): PRA is a family of eye diseases that involves the gradual deterioration of the retina. Early in the disease, dogs become night-blind. As the disease progresses, they lose their daytime vision as well. Many dogs adapt to limited or complete vision loss very well, as long as their surroundings remain the same.
- Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis: This heart problem is caused by a narrow connection between the left ventricle (out-flow) and the aorta. It can cause fainting and even sudden death. Your vet can detect it and prescribe the proper treatment.
- Osteochondrosis Dissecans (OCD): This orthopedic condition, caused by improper growth of cartilage in the joints, usually occurs in the elbows, but it has been seen in the shoulders as well. It causes a painful stiffening of the joint, to the point that the dog is unable to bend his elbow. It can be detected in dogs as early as four to nine months of age. Overfeeding of “growth formula” puppy foods or high-protein foods may contribute to its development.
- Von Willebrand’s Disease: This is an inherited blood disorder that interferes with the blood’s ability to clot. The main symptom is excessive bleeding after an injury or surgery. Other symptoms include nosebleeds, bleeding gums, or bleeding in the stomach or intestines. There is no cure, and a blood transfusion from the blood of normal dogs is currently the only treatment. Research is underway for new treatments, including medication. Most dogs with von Willebrand’s disease can lead normal lives. A vet can test your dog for the condition. Dogs with this condition should not be bred.
- Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus: Commonly called bloat, this is a life-threatening condition that affects large, deep-chested dogs like Golden Retrievers, especially if they’re fed one large meal a day, eat rapidly, or drink large amounts of water or exercise vigorously after eating. Bloat occurs when the stomach is distended with gas or air and then twists.
- Epilepsy: Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes periodic seizures and convulsions. Your vet will need to know how severe the seizures are and how often they occur to determine what medication to prescribe, if any.
- Hypothyroidism: This is a disorder of the thyroid gland that’s thought to cause conditions such as epilepsy, hair loss, obesity, lethargy, dark patches on the skin, and other skin conditions. It’s treated with medication and diet.
- Hemangiosarcoma: This is a very dangerous form of cancer that originates in the lining of blood vessels and spleen. It most commonly occurs in middle-aged and elderly dogs.
- Osteosarcoma: Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone cancer that’s common in large and giant breeds.
- Portosystemic Shunt (PSS): This is an abnormal flow of blood between the liver and the body. That’s a problem because the liver is responsible for detoxifying the body, metabolizing nutrients, and eliminating drugs.
- Atopic dermatitis: Atopic dermatitis (AD) — often simply referred to as atopy — is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in dogs. Similar to eczema in humans, it is one of the most prevalent allergic skin conditions, affecting approximately 10-15% of the canine population.
Golden Retriever Puppies and rescue
Goldens are often purchased without a clear understanding of what goes into owning one. Many Goldens need adoption and/or fostering. We have not listed many rescues. If you don’t see a rescue listed for your area, contact the national breed club or a local breed club, and they can point you toward a golden rescue.
If you choose to purchase a Golden Retriever puppy, finding a reputable dog breeder is one of the most important decisions you can make. Reputable breeders are committed to breeding healthy, well-socialized puppies that will make great companions. They will screen their breeding stock for health problems, socialize their puppies from a young age, and provide you with lifetime support.
Conversely, backyard breeders are more interested in making a profit than in producing healthy, well-adjusted dogs. They may not screen their breeding stock for health problems or socialize their puppies properly. As a result, puppies from backyard breeders are more likely to have health and behavioral issues. Furthermore, their parent dogs can face health problems from lack of care and overbreeding.
The Golden Retriever Club of America can help you find a reputable Golden Retriever breeder.
How much is a Golden Retriever puppy?
A Golden Retriever puppy from a reputable breeder typically costs between $1,500 and $3,500, depending on factors such as location, lineage, color, and the breeder’s reputation. If you come across breeders offering Golden Retriever puppies at a significantly lower price, it’s important to exercise caution. Always research breeders thoroughly to ensure they prioritize the health and well-being of their dogs, and avoid potential scams or unethical breeding practices.
